PERUGIA
A field experiment was set-up at the experimental station of Papiano (Perugia, Italy) by establishing a 2-yr crop rotation between process tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) and durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.). The crop rotation is being performed both in space and in time, thus each crop is present every year.
The three treatments are displaced as following:
1) INT
TILLAGE: annual moldboard ploughing 30 cm depth, followed by harrowing (wheat) or rotary cultivation (tomato);
COVER CROPS: no cover crops are grown;
WEED CONTROL: herbicide application;
FERTILIZATION: mineral fertilization
PLANT PROTECTION: IPM strategies based on biocontrol agents, fungicides and insecticides;
2) ORG
TILLAGE: non-inversion tillage (chiseling) followed by harrowing;
COVER CROPS: field pea (Pisum sativum L.) – barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) mixture grown as winter green manure and incorporated into the soil in spring before tomato transplanting; fava bean (Vicia faba subsp. minor) grown in intercropping with durum wheat and incorporated into the soil at end of wheat tillering by rotary hoeing;
WEED CONTROL: preventive (residual effect of green manure, stale seedbed technique), mechanical (inter-row cultivation in tomato);
FERTILIZATION: organic fertilizers
PLANT PROTECTION: IPM strategies based on biocontrol agents, biofungicides and bioinsecticides;
3) ORG+
TILLAGE: no-tillage for wheat, strip-tillage for tomato;
COVER CROPS: field pea (Pisum sativum L.) – barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) mixture grown as winter green manure and terminated by roller crimper+flaming in spring before tomato transplanting; fava bean (Vicia faba subsp. minor) grown in intercropping with durum wheat and incorporated into the soil at end of wheat tillering by static machine (combined harrow);
WEED CONTROL: preventive (suppression effect by the dead mulch provided by the cover crops in tomato, and by the living mulch in wheat) and physical (intra-row flaming for tomato);
FERTILIZATION: organic fertilizers
PLANT PROTECTION: IPM strategies based on biocontrol agents, biofungicides and bioinsecticides;